Pine Seed Saga

When I'm pining for a naturalist adventure, I don't jet to an exotic locale, I zoom in for a closer look at a common animal or plant. As naturalist E.O. Wilson observed, “A lifetime can be spent in a Magellanic voyage around the trunk of a single tree.”

 

Recently, I collected a cone from beneath a neighborhood grove of Eastern White Pine (Pinus strobus). Tagged the Sequoia of the east, this species can live more than 450 years and achieve heights of over 150 feet. Tall, straight, and lightweight, the trunks of White Pine were once in great demand for the masts of sailing ships.

 

Vast virgin stands were decimated, but White Pine has been widely replanted for lumber, windbreaks and privacy screening.  The tree also provides a variety of wildlife with food and cover. Bald eagles often choose a white pine's lofty crown for their nest.

 

Pine needles grow in bundles called fasicles. White Pine is the only native eastern pine with five-needled fasicles equating to the five letters of its name. A mature White Pine cone is also distinctive, usually between 3 and 6 inches long and one to two inches thick, with a long slender peduncle, or stem.  

 

In all my casual encounters with pine cones, I realized I had never seen a pine seed and wasn't even sure exactly what to look for.  My cone's scales arched dramatically outward from the central axis, but at first glance I saw nothing resembling a seed.  I tried covering the cone with a dish towel and twisting back and forth with both hands.

 

The seeds that dropped out were suprisingly delicate--each consisted of a translucent wing about 3/4 of an inch long narrowing to a tiny brown pellet, about the size of broken pencil point. Viewed under my dissecting microscope, the surface of the wing suggested the hide of some fantastic animal.  Iridescent striations incorporating loops and whorls ran its length, continuing over the almond-shaped structure that enclosed the seed.

 

Using an instrument, I was able to halve the miniscule seed to view the interior. Within was a soft white meaty substance surrounding a yellowish inner core.  For comparison, I sliced open a much larger pine "nut" (the seed of the Pinon Pine, a western species) and saw the same arrangement but in more detail.  The core resembled a sturdy trunk with short appendages on one end.

 

White Pines, like all conifers, produce both male and female cones. The male cones look like miniature corn cobs,  and grow in upright bunches.  They wither and fall off the tree after releasing clouds of golden pollen between April and June.

 

This wasteful abundance is necessary since pine pollination is dependent on the wind, unaided by bees or other creatures. Each pollen grain has an ear-like parachute on either side to increase the odds of it reaching its destination: the ovule within the scales of a female cone.

 

Immature female cones are also quite small and usually go unnoticed as they emerge on the higher branches. Their tender green scales part to receive the pollen, ideally from a neighboring tree. Each scale then closes to develop a pair of seeds.  By early fall of the second year after pollination, the cone has enlarged to become the brown, woody object with which we are familiar. The seeds are ripe but the scales reopen to release the seeds only when conditions are dry.

 

With a good breeze in an open landscape, the propeller-like wings can lift and spin the seeds up to 700 feet from the parent tree.  Each seed carries a miniature seedling, an embryo with needles, roots and stem, nestled within a supply of nutrients for initial growth. 

 

By the time a female cone drops from the tree, most of the seeds have already fallen or blown away. Gray squirrels, mice and voles also aid in dispersal when they cache pine seeds and fail to consume them all.

Pines--like cedars, hemlocks, spruces and most other familiar evergreens--are conifers (cone bearers). Conifers descend from the 300 million year-old lineage of non-fruiting plants, classified as gymnosperms (meaning naked seeds).  Gymnosperms have survived geologic upheavals, climate change, major extinction events, and the formidable competition of the angiosperms, the flowering plants.

Today's conifer families are ancient--all had evolved by the end of the Jurassic 150 million years ago. When dinosaurs reigned, conifers dominated the plant world.

Paleobotanist Andrew Leslie of Yale University, studying the fossil record, determined that female cones first bulked up during this period of co-existence.

 

Leslie theorizes that this adaptation was a response to the immense appetites of herbivorous long-necked sauropods such as Diplodicus (90 feet long). Other scientists point out that the rise of small mammals, birds and even insects may have had an influence.

 

I will never look at a pine cone the same way again.

Winter Survival Secrets

The following appeared in the January 2014 issue of Jefferson County Observer (WV).

 

Winter Survival Secrets

This season is a life-or-death challenge for local wildlife. Some species escape the cold and deprivation via migration, but the majority who live here must weather in place.  The strategies of warm-blooded mammals and birds contrast with those of reptiles, amphibians and insects who can't internally regulate their temperatures But all have intrigued generations of naturalists. Grab your coat and join me on a search for some animal survival secrets.

 

The silhouette of a drey is easy to see high in the bare branches of that black walnut tree.  In early fall, a gray squirrel gnawed off slender twigs and vines with green leaves still attached. She wedged these materials between the branches, weaving them into a rough sphere with a hollow center. She lined the interior with soft materials such as pine needles, grass and moss. Squirrels mate twice a year and give birth in June and January, so its possible that two or three squirrel pups are nestled inside with their mother. Gray squirrels do not hibernate--they hole up during the worst days of winter.  Dreys provide shelter in landscapes where tree cavities are scarce.

 

In the grassy bank next to the meadow, we can see the entrance to the burrow of one of our resident groundhogs. Also known as a woodchuck or whistle pig, ground hogs are true hibernators.  A groundhog binges all summer, then enters an extended period of lethargy while living off its fat stores. Its heartbeat slows from 80 beats per minute to less than 5, and its temperature can drop to as low as 38 degrees Fahrenheit. In February or March, it will reappear with a much slimmer figure.

 

Here in this overgrown shrubbery is an abandoned bald-faced hornet nest that appears to be constructed of papier-mâché.  Hornets are a predatory social wasp.  Through the warm months, a single hornet queen and her female workers fashioned the nest from wood pulp mixed with their saliva. When temperatures started to cool,  the colony produced fertile males and females. After mating, only the fertilized females survived, the rest of the colony died.

 

These new queens sought refuge in small crevices--perhaps beneath the bark of a rotting log or under the siding of a shed. A substance in their bodies called glycerol will help them resist freezing. When warm temperatures return, the queens will revive from their state of dormancy, seek out new sites to colonize and begin another season of nest building. The multiple layers of this old nest now provide a winter home for other insects and spiders.

 

Certain plants are associated with the reproductive cycles of particular species of butterflies. A survey of what was growing here gives clues to the presence of caterpillars in a suspended phase of development known as diapause. After last season's violets wilted and died, an adult female Fritillary butterfly purposefully laid eggs in this shady spot. The larvae hatched and burrowed into the earth. When the new violet plants emerge, the caterpillars will awake to feed and continue their life cycle.

 

When in blossom, the pollinator garden was alive with scores of nectaring butterflies. Today withered flower stalks stand still and silent.  It is good that their remains are left undisturbed. Tiny Silvery Checkerspot caterpillars may be hibernating at the base of the coneflowers and Pearl Crescent larvae may be sleeping at the feet of the asters. Not all overwintering butterfly larvae hunker down in the soil.  For example, the Red Spotted Purple larva stays under wraps by rolling itself into a leaf of its host plant, the willow. We might be able to find some of these mini cigar-shapes down by the pond.

 

We find the pond rimmed with ice.  Despite the most frigid winter, the bottom of the pond is unlikely to freeze. The pond's depth is below the frost line. As water approaches 32 degrees Fahrenheit, instead of becoming more dense and sinking to the bottom, it expands and rises.  This property of water provides an advantage to aquatic turtles and frogs.

 

Painted turtles who lolled in the sun here several months ago are now submerged in the mud.  They have slowed their body processes to where they can exist on the smallest amount of oxygen or even survive periods of no oxygen at all. Since it is impossible to breathe through their lungs while underwater, the turtles have evolved the ability to take in oxygen from the water through blood vessels in the throat and special tissues near the tail.

 

The bullfrogs that live here are also submerged for the duration but obtain oxygen from the water through their skin.  They bury themselves only partially or simply lie on top of the mud. From time to time they stretch their legs and swim about in slow motion.

 

What about the land frogs and toads?  Some of them, like the American Toad, can burrow deep into the ground, evading the most deadly temperatures. Other species that lack such digging ability, must settle for whatever crevices they can find or crawl beneath the leaf litter. These are inferior shelters when the mercury plummets. Somewhere nearby may be a partially frozen Wood Frog, no longer breathing, its heart stilled. If we unearthed its hiding place, it would appear dead.  The frog's vital organs resist freezing due to a high concentration of glucose. When this cold spell is over, the frog's frozen portions will thaw, and its heart and lungs resume activity.

 

The wind is picking up--time to think of our own survival. Let's gather a few sticks from the woodpile on our way back.  As we rattle the tarp, we hear the skittering of a field mouse.  By removing a few layers of wood, we can take inventory of its nest materials: grass, wood chips, bits of fur--and surprisingly, scraps from a cast-off snake skin. The stacked wood creates a honeycomb of insulated compartments ideal for small inhabitants. Perhaps the snake that preys upon the mouse and her kin also chose this site for its winter refuge chamber or hibernaculum.

 

There is no activity at the bird feeders this evening. The Tufted Titmouse has fed well today on the black oil sunflower seeds and has found a miniscule pocket of shelter somewhere.  The abundant calories will fuel its body heat through the dark hours. There can be extra warmth in numbers--perhaps several of the birds have jammed their bodies together in one tiny space. If you see a Titmouse with a crooked tail on an icy morning, it tells of a cramped but effective sleeping arrangement. 

 

Our walk is at its end but has only begun to scratch the surface of winter survival secrets. As night falls, snow drifts down, adding a blanket of protection to all the living things that slumber beneath.   

 




 

 

 

 

Hiding in Plain Sight

I attended the 50th Annual Blackwater Falls Wildflower Pilgrimage in early May, near Davis West Virginia. Atop Smith Mountain a group of participants came upon this newly emerged Luna Moth while searching for rare native plants.

Its wings drooped and its belly was swollen with fluid. Gradually the fluid was pumping into the wings to stiffen them for flight. But meanwhile, the moth was extremely vulnerable.

I marveled at the patterns, colors and textures as it grasped the end of the twigs fallen from the tree above. Suddenly my trance was interrupted by a beeping car horn. All the other participants had returned to their cars and were awaiting me!

I rushed to join them, but not before I noticed the spent blossoms and pods littering the ground. The petals were shriveled and the pods covered with a pale green furry down. Their resemblance to the moth, clinging to the twig and twisting in the spring breeze, was remarkable. How did the moth choose this spot and perfectly time its "birth" to mimic this cast off vegetation?

Shangri La

Local native plant aficionados know of a certain secret place along the C&O Canal that enchants lucky visitors with an unusual diversity of native plants. Some of the plants are rare to Maryland and prefer more northern climes. The gully where these plants grow rests between limestone cliffs facing the river, and due to the undulations of the Potomac, has a northern exposure, which makes for a chilly microclimate. One of the best times to visit is April through May, to see a breath-taking progression of spring woodland flowers, called ephemerals, for their short-lived and delicate nature. Here is what a friend and I saw on March 20.

The first photo is Bloodroot. One of the first spring ephemerals to appear. It's roots when crushed supply a bright red orange fluid and is said to have been used as body paint by Native Americans and as dye by early European immigrants. The bloom emerges clasped by fleshly leaves that protect it from the wind and cold of April until just the right moment when the sun is warm and the air still.

Dutchman's Breeches, so-called for the resemblance to voluminous pantaloons hanging upside down as if on a clothesline. These flowers are pollinated primarily by bumblebees, since some muscle and size is needed to push through the opening of the flower. The bees sometimes bite through the "ankles" of the breeches to obtain the nectar.

Shangri La boasts a variety of ferns including Christmas Fern, Maidenhair Fern, Blunt-lobed Woodsia, Bulbet Fern. One of the most marvelous is Walking Fern. The leaves of the fern are long and thin, extend out in a more or less radial fashion, and the tip of the leaf literally plants itself it a new spot, growing another fern. In this way, it 'walks" over the surface of the mossy rocks where it grows.

Adder's Tongue or Trout Lily. Not blooming yet, but there were hundreds, maybe even thousands of these leaves emerging. The common name refers to the spotted appearance and shape of the leaves. In a few weeks I will return to see drooping yellow lilies polka-dotting the forest floor.


Sedum, a dainty succulent.

More Walking Fern.

And finally, a newly revealed Mayapple. Its leaves unfurl like the canopy of an umbrella.

Salamander Nursery

These photos were taken on March 19, 2011 at an old pond situated in the woods at a nearby state park where I'm working as a seasonal naturalist. I have the pleasure of studying the different stages of nature as they occur in the various microclimates and habitats in the park. I had a hunch that salamanders might breed in this old pond as it functions quite like a vernal pool. Sure enough the pond was dotted with slimy globs embedded with black eggs. I wasn't sure if they were frogs or salamanders, but later I found that my photos matched the images of eggs laid by the Spotted Salamander. This is a common salamander, but one who could become endangered as its woodland habitat becomes scarcer due to development and as climate change makes vernal pools dry up.

Monarch Miracle

This August I tried hand-raising Monarch caterpillars. So far I've released 3 and have about 4 to go. Some of them I obtained as tiny eggs, others as partially grown caterpillars. I harvest Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) for the caterpillars from the roadside or nearby abandoned fields. Plants in the milkweed family are the primary host plant for Monarch larvae. The fluid in these plants is a white, sticky substance containing a toxin. The toxin is tolerated only by Monarch larvae and some other insects that have evolved to feed upon it. The Monarch larvae, and the ensuing butterflies, are permeated with the toxin, which makes them a foul-tasting, potentially sickening morsel. The distinctive coloration of the larvae and adults signals a warning to would-be predators.

After a couple weeks of nonstop eating and growing, during which they shed their exoskeletons several times, they secure their posteriors beneath an overhanging stem with a silky substance. Dropping their heads, they assume a position in the shape of the letter "J." Within 24 hours, the caterpillar convulses and the exoskeleton splits open and falls away a final time, revealing a chrysalis of green and yellow, still ridged with abdominal segments. Soon, these ridges smooth away, and and the chrysalis becomes a pendant of opalescent pale green, studded with tiny gold jewels. The black stem is called a cremaster. Using a microscope one can see that the topmost end of the cremaster is composed of many tiny protrusions topped with knobby hooks. They appear to attach to the strands of the silk in much the same fashion as the human invention of velcro. After about 10 days, the chrysalis membrane becomes transparent. The body and wings of the adult butterfly can be seen inside, appearing almost completely jet black, with the exception of the deep orange pattern of the wings. The swirling shapes remind me of an Art Nouveau design of tree limbs silhouetted against a blazing sunset. I have yet to catch the exact moment of emergence. I think they wait until I leave the room! When I return there is the fresh, rather droopy winged adult, clinging to the remnant of it's casing. Over the next couple of hours, the Monarch balances delicately on four legs, turning itself from side to side, flexing its wings, unfurling its proboscis and wavering its front legs. Monarchs belong to a class of butterflies known as brushfoots ( Nymphalidae). These butterflies do not walk upon their furry front legs, but hold them flexed and close to their thorax. As the internal fluids transfer to strengthen and rigidify the wings, the body slims. Once during this process, I witnessed a drop of deep red fluid fall to stain the table beneath. Finally the wings are laid open in full color and shape. They slowly open, close, open, close, then suddenly take a maiden flight. The Monarch remains rather sluggish and calm for a while, enough time for me to take it on my finger and release it in a field tall with goldenrod blossoms. The butterfly shown below is a female. The wing pattern of a female has thicker veins of black than a male and lacks small black dots on the hind wings. Entomologists believe that the black dots on a male are vestigal organs. Evolutionary precursors of the Monarch emitted pheremones to scent pouches to lure females for mating. This generation is the last of the summer. The late summer Monarch butterflies in the eastern U.S will participate in a mass migration of 1000's of miles to a special place in the mountains of Mexico. There they will overwinter together in clouds of fluttering wings, clinging to the trees. The people who live there hold a festival each year to celebrate the return of the Monarchs. Traditionally, the Monarchs are believed to be the spirits of the people's ancestors.


In the spring, those Monarchs who have survived the winter will mate and begin the northward journey, laying eggs, then dying. The generation from these eggs will hatch as caterpillars, metamorphose into adults, continue northward, again mating and laying eggs, then dying. By the third or fourth generation, the butterflies have reached their northern terminus and the summer is ending. They must return to Mexico, a place they have never seen, to begin the cycle anew or perish. How do they do it? No one knows.

We Are Watching You

The end of a hot summer day was perfect for a nature stroll around the lake. When I take the time to sit quietly, creatures come investigate, or emerge from hiding. This green frog and bluebird both seemed as interested in me as I was in them!